What is optimization?

Optimization, in a general sense, refers to the process of finding the best solution to a problem, usually in terms of maximizing a desired outcome or minimizing an undesirable one. It is commonly used across various fields, including mathematics, computer science, engineering, economics, and business. Techniques range from simple trial-and-error to sophisticated algorithms such as linear programming, gradient descent, and genetic algorithms. Optimization problems involve defining an objective function (the quantity to be optimized) and constraints (the limitations or conditions that must be satisfied). Common applications include resource allocation, scheduling, machine learning model training, and logistics.