What is firmware?

Firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides the low-level control for a device's specific hardware. It is typically stored in non-volatile memory such as ROM, EPROM, or flash memory. Firmware is essential for booting up the device and providing the basic instructions for the hardware to communicate with the operating system and applications. Common examples include the BIOS in computers, embedded systems firmware in devices like printers, routers, and consumer electronics, and the control programs in vehicles and industrial equipment. Updates are often provided to fix bugs, improve performance, or add new features.